For these kinds of applications, I would suggest the use of either DISPERBYK®-190 and/or DISPERBYK®-2010 where the additive is approx. 62 (delivery form on pigment).
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L. S., BYK®-9076 is a high molecular weight additive for solvent-free pigment concentrates based on alkyl ammonium salt. Dosage should depend on the pigment 5-10 upon inorganic pigments, 1-3 upon titanium dioxide, 10-25 upon organic pigments, 15-50 upon carbon blacks. BYK®-9077 is a high molecular weight copolymer with pigment-affinic groups where high pigment loads at low viscosity can be achieved. The dosage is the same as for BYK®-9076.
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This depends on the FDA fulfillment. ANTI-TERRA®-U has two FDA compliances: § 175.105 and § 175.300.
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Our recommendation for this is our DISPERBYK®-103 to obtain good and stable matting agent concentrates.
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For this kind of application, I would suggest BYK®-9077 in combination with DISPERBYK®-145. BYK®-9077 is a high molecular weight copolymer with pigment-affinic groups. DISPERBYK®-145 is a phosphoric acid ester salt of a high molecular weight copolymer with pigment-affinic groups. This combination should work well in your system.
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For compatibility reasons, we normally propose for acrylics our additive DISPERBYK®-161 and for epoxy systems DISPERBYK®-163. In addition, I would like to recommend to you our new block copolymer for this kind of application called DISPERBYK®-2150 which could work in both systems.
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To delay the drying process of the concentrate, you can try the solvents you mentioned but you might also try our additive BYKETOL®-PC which was specially developed for that. If it is the case that you are using a good wetting and dispersing additive, a hard sedimentation during storage won't be avoidable. So a rheological additive such as BYK®-420 or BYK®-425 has to be used when pigments with high specific gravity are in the concentrate, because all additives which are used as anti-sedimentation will influence the viscosity to a greater or lesser extent. You should therefore use only low dosage. Start with a dosage of 0.1 of BYK®-420, BYK®-425 on total formulation.
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A deflocculating additive is normally used to stabilize carbon black pigments. In polyurethane systems, DISPERBYK®-161, DISPERBYK®-2001, BYK®-9077 are mainly used. Start with a dosage of 15-20 additive active substance calculated on your carbon black. All of them have different solid content, which means they differ in the active substance. Because these additives deflocculate the pigment, it could be that the conductivity is reduced. We do not know because we have no facilities to do such a test. If this is so, try BYK®-P 104 S, BYKUMEN® but start with a dosage of 5-10 calculated on carbon black. These additives are not especially developed for the stabilization of carbon black, but used in polyurethane as wetting and dispersing additives.
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In our opinion you made the right choice by testing DISPERBYK®-106 and DISPERBYK®-116 as wetting and dispersing additives for iron oxide pigments. Other possible candidates are DISPERBYK®-108, BYK®-220 S. We do not have practical lab expierence with natural brown iron oxide.
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For inorganic pigment dispersions we would recommend DISPERPLAST®-I, DISPERPLAST®-1142 or DISPERPLAST®-1150. The usage depends of the desired flow behavior. For organic pigment dispersions, we would recommend DISPERPLAST®-I, DISPERPLAST®-P, or BYK®-9076 or BYK®-9077. The usage depends on the pigment used. BYK®-9076 or BYK®-9077 are mainly recommended for carbon black types.
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We recommend the following additives for dispersing UV inkjet inks with carbon black: DISPERBYK®-168 (good decrease of viscosity), DISPERBYK®-108, BYK®-9076, BYK®-9077 and DISPERBYK®-2001. In printing inks, the dosage is normally nearly 25-30 % solid on pigment.
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It could be that the talc and Syloid 74 content is too high, i.e. critical pigment volume concentration. The additive type and dosage, in my opinion, are good. To solve the problem, I would take 25% of talc + 6% of Syloid 74. Take part of the solvent mixture, put in DISPERBYK®-103 and add the talc under stirring with dissolver, dispersing for 20 min. Then check the fineness of the grind on the grindometer. If it is good, add the syloid and disperse. I do not know how long because I have not worked with this type but perhaps 5-10 min. Check the fineness of the grind again. Then add anti-sedimentation additive such as BYK®-410, 0.1-0.3% on total. If it is not compatible, i.e. produces seeding, use one by another supplier. If this is good, increase the content of talc and Syloid step by step. 2. Trial use 5% of Laropal as solid resin and do the same trials as I mentioned before. To avoid drying up in the container, you can try using BYKETOL®-PC or some solvent with a long evaporation rate. When we did a trial with a matting agent paste, we also tested it in a black paint. If it is good there, in my experience it is also good in other colors.
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In general, the temperature has an influence on how well the pigment is dispersed. In our lab we normally do all of our grinds at 40°C. It is only if our customer wishes a different grinding temperature that we use another one. Normally the temperature has no influence on the wetting and dispersing additive. But there are exceptions. I found one wetting and dispersing additive in the past which gave different results when the grinding temperature was at 20°C or at 40°C. Also, I found at temperatures over 70°C that it can occur that wetting and dispersing additives do not produce the same good result as at lower temperatures.
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In our laboratory tests in dispersing TiO2 in UV-curable printing inks, we found the best result when using 2-5% of DISPERBYK®-111 calculated on TiO2. In your formulation, I see 2-3% of fumed silica. In our opinion it is very high and you should reduce as far as possible. If you use it only for anti-sedimentation, you can try 0.1-0.3% of BYK®-410 or BYK®-420 instead of fumed silica.
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For the production of pigment concentrates, we recommend higher molecular wetting and dispersing additives such as DISPERBYK®-190 or DISPERBYK®-191. BYK®-154 is mainly recommended for latex paints and it is also recommended in combination with DISPERBYK®-187. For pigment concentrates, we recommend for slurries (resin-free grindings): DISPERBYK®-190, DISPERBYK®-191 and a combination of DISPERBYK®-192 and DISPERBYK®-180; for concentrates with grinding resins: DISPERBYK®-191. The additive recommendation depends on the let-down systems. DISPERBYK®-190 is highly recommended for water-soluble alkyd, alkyd emulsion. Hybrid systems are recommended for polyurethane emulsion, pure acrylic emulsion, emulsion paint PVC 25-80%, plaster, silicate paint, 2-pack PU, 2-pack epoxy. DISPERBYK®-191 is highly recommended for alkyd emulsion, polyurethane emulsion, pure acrylic emulsion, emulsion paint PVC 25-80% recommended for water-soluble alkyd, hybrid systems, plaster, silicate paint, 2-pack PU, 2-pack epoxy. A combination of DISPERBYK®-192 and DISPERBYK®-180 is highly recommended for emulsion paint PVC 25-80%, plaster, silicate paint recommended for water soluble alkyd, alkyd emulsion, hybrid systems, polyurethane emulsion, pure acrylic emulsion, 2-pack PU, 2-pack epoxy. For 2-pack PUR and 2-pack epoxy we will, in the near future, have a new wetting and dispersing additive.
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We call the problem you describe color drift or discoloration due to flocculation of the pigment. The only method to avoid this is to use a wetting and dispersing additive during the grinding of the pigments. As wetting and dispersing additives you can try DISPERBYK®-182 or DISPERBYK®-108 or BYK®-9077. DISPERBYK®-163 is also possible but it contains xylene. I think this might be not so good in your application. If you would like to test this kind of chemistry, take DISPERBYK®-167. It is free of aromatic solvents. If you need samples, I can arrange it if you give me your postal address with the name of your country.
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Regarding your question: For the first step, I would check the compatibility of the grinding resin which is used for the pigment concentrate and the clear epoxy part A and B. After this, I would check the compatibility of the additives in the systems. As you describe it, you have flooding and floating problems. For this, I would recommend BYK®-P 104 S or BYK®-220 S (0.5-1.0% solid on pigment). BYK®-220 S is very often recommended for titanium dioxide in epoxy systems and is also compatible in nitro. If the black causes problems, you can try BYK®-9076. Against the Bénard cells, BYK®-320 works very well (0.5% on total). Please add BYK®-320 in the epoxy base and incorporate it 3 minutes by dissolver.
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The streaking problem in unsaturated polyester compositions is caused by flocculation of pigment(s). Our best additives to manufacture tinting pastes for unsaturated polyesters are DISPERBYK®-166, DISPERBYK®-171 and BYK®-9077. Please check the compatibility of these additives with your resin, and select the most compatible one to make a pigment paste. The dosage level of the additive depends on the pigment type. Please use ~2-4% active substance of the additive on TiO2, 6-8% on inorganic color pigments, 15-20% on organic pigments, and 30% on carbon black. The usage of the additive will provide not only a low viscosity pigment concentrate, but also a streaking-free application. The yellowing problem with titanium dioxide is very probably a problem associated with the surface treatment of the pigment which may react with your resin. Please check some available grades of TiO2 whether they are the same or different in this respect. Suitable TiO2 types are, e.g. Kronos 2160 (Kronos) or Ti-Pure R 960 (DuPont). To make a good TiO2 concentrate, please use ~60-66% TiO2, 2-4% additive (DISPERBYK®-166 , DISPERBYK®-171, etc.) and 32-36% unsaturated polyester resin. To provide a lower viscosity, you can also replace some of the unsaturated polyester resin by diallyl phthalate.
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Depending on the resin, you could try the following additives: BYK®-360 P * BYK®-364 P at a dosage between 0.5-2.0 on total. BYK®-366 P * BYK®-368 P * BYK®-3900 P * * at a dosage between 0.5-1.5 on total.
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Have you ever tried our CERAFLOUR® 970 for powder? This product will reduce the slip property in powder coatings.
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For better flow of UV Inks and pigment concentrates we recommend to use DISPERBYK-168 for the pigment grind. Additionally it might be worth to have a look at DISPERBYK-2001 and DISPERBYK-2155.
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